recreation vehicle insurance programs.

NIIC :: About NIIC Home About NIIC National Interstate History National Interstate Insurance Company was incorporated in 1989, and has prospered thanks to the vision and hard work of our people. Initially, our main focus was on passenger transportation vehicles only including motor coaches, school buses, transit buses and limousines. Since then, we have expanded into other product lines as well, including General Commercial and Transportation program for Hawaii Operations and Truck Programs, Recreation Vehicle and Marine Insurance. We continue to focus on sound underwriting and stable growth. The A.M. Best Rating National Interstate is rated A (excellent), financial size (VII) by A.M. Best. With annual growth of 20+% and consistent profitability since our inception in 1989, we continue to meet and exceed our goals. We have over 240 employees in 4 offices across the country, including the corporate headquarters in Richfield, Ohio. What makes National Interstate special? We have a talented workforce committed to superior underwriting principles and exemplary claims and customer service. Our employees uphold the Company's values while maintaining a friendly, productive work place. Our people count, and National Interstate makes every effort to provide a fair, pleasant, well-equipped work environment for our employees. We are truly a team, and that makes all the difference. Our Mission National Interstate is an outstanding provider of innovative and customized insurance products and services to specialty markets. We deliver these products in a cost effective manner and at a level of excellence that fosters the continued loyalty of our customers. To accomplish these objectives, we employ a team of professionals who command the technical aspects of our business and share a common passion to consistently deliver superior customer service. Company Profile National Interstate Insurance Company (NIIC) was established in Cleveland, Ohio in February 1989. NIIC and its affiliates are licensed in all states and the District of Columbia, and currently focus on passenger transportation, truck, recreation vehicle and Hawaii general commercial insurance. NIIC is an independently operated subsidiary of Great American Insurance Company and Underwriting Manager for Great American's public transportation and recreation vehicle insurance programs. Related Links Careers Privacy Policy Contact Us Questions? Do you have questions about the company or our products? Please let us know! Click Here NIIC Affiliate Co.'s ©2003 National Interstate Insurance Company

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Rv Insurance, Motorhome Insurance, Rv Insurance Policies, Motor Home Insurance, Rv America Insurance Rv Insurance, Motorhome Insurance, Rv Insurance Policies, Motor Home Insurance, Rv America Insurance Home | Coverage Motorhomes Fifth Wheels Travel Trailers Policy Overview Coverage Areas Testimonials | Value Quote Get A Quote Testimonials | Motorhomes Value Quote Our Coverage Policy Overview | Fifth Wheels Value Quote Our Coverage Policy Overview | Travel Trailers Value Quote Our Coverage Policy Overview | Resources Articles Dealer Locator Latest News Your Questions RV Websites RV Clubs RV Manufacturers RV Products RV Information About Us Testimonials Contact Us The Best Motor Home Insurance Coverage at the Best Rates Youve worked all of your life to buy a motor home. Insurance is the last thing you want to think about. But motorhome insurance coverage is the next important decision you need to make.Before you can hit the open road, you need to get the right policy for you. RV America Insurance has the cheap RV insurance policies you need to get rolling.Our motorhome insurance gives you the peace of mind so you only have to worry about finding direction to your next destination. We offer the best combination of rate and coverage. So theres no need to look any further.RV America Insurance gets quotes from six companies. Thus, were able to provide coverage on more risks than a typical agency or direct writer. Because we represent six companies, were also able to offer lower premiums, and in most cases, with better coverage. We can offer the cheap RV insurance policies to get you driving the country. Our motorhome insurance coverage includes: Total loss replacement 24/7 roadside assistance Accessories coverage Emergency expenses High liability limits Full-timer coverage Fire, flood, theft Collison coverage Low branch collision Personal items replacement Our coverage is superior to the modest coverage typical auto insurance companies provide for your motor home insurance.Fill out our online form or fax request forms today or call a representative for details. Were available 6 days a week, 11 hours a day to assist with your motor home insurance needs, or any type of Recreational Vehicle insurance. Our hours are 7-6 Pacific Time. 800-400-0186. From a Valued Customer "I was very pleased with the ease of insuring our new motorhome through RV America Insurance. You were able to charge my credit card for the yearly fee, which was very reasonable, and you faxed a binder to our dealership and to us for registration purposes. The whole procedure was fast and efficient and we hope to never need to make a claim to find about that end of the business!" S.Reid, Nevada" -- -- RV Insurance Home | Testimonials | Coverage | Request Quote | Dealers | Articles | Resources | Contact us | About us | Site Map Motorhome Insurance | Fifth Wheel Insurance | Travel Trailer Insurance | RV Websites | RV Clubs | RV Manufacturers | RV Products

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Motorhome Sales Motorhome and Campervan Sales General Whats New About the club Markets Membership Motorhoming Site Map Links & Resources Member information Forum and Notices Fun & Games Chapters Rallies Campsites Technical Articles Travel Tales The Wanderer About Markets MarketPlace Members Market Book & sHop Items Payments You Are Here > Home > Marketplace > Sales 5th Wheels-R-Us at Activ RV Pty Ltd. New 2006 Units are now on show at our Toronto Showroom. Our "Rolling Mansions" are creating much excitement amongst the travelling public. We sell to a standard not just a price! - "Your Lifestyle Solution Experts". Phone: 02 49591130, Fax: 02 49594260. Email activrv@bigpond.net.au Aardvark Electronics (Vansat) : Mail Order Best Value Portable Satellite TV Systems. Clear Reception Across Australia. Five Minute Setup. No Monthly Fees. Includes all equipment and alignment/installation DVD/VHS. Optional 12/24V DC and internet versions available. Watch your favourite 7,9,10, SBS and ABC programs. Works with your Pay TV. Heaps of radio stations. $899 (normally $1199). Phone 074955 5879 Alan Graham's Caravans & RVs : Central Coast NSW Since commencing business in 1976, Alan Grahams Caravans & RV's centre, located at Gosford on the NSW Central Coast, has grown from strength to strength. Visit us today and you will discover a selection of caravans and motorhomes, both new and used, which will meet the needs of the most discerning buyer. Amesz 4X4 Motorhomes : Midland, WA Explore Australias remote outback or sophisticated cities in a purpose built, high mobility, long range 4WD motorhome. Built rugged to Go Anywhere, these 4WD off road motorhomes are well appointed with a range of optional extras. For sample layouts and more details, visit our website. ARV Motorhomes : Eden, South Coast NSW A low volume high quality builder of "A" Class Motorhomes. ARV has a fully equipped modern workshop employing quality tradesmen, including Furniture Maker and Panel Beater/Bodymaker. ARV carryout all types of repairs, modifications and insurance work. ARV is a great place to stop for all your RV requirements. Ph. 02 6496 4411 Australian Motor Homes : Central Coast, NSW Australia's finest Motorhome Showrooms and Display. Leading the way in new and pre-owned motorhome sales. An experienced and friendly team. Austrek RV Motorhome Conversions : Bonbeach, Melbourne, VIC Uncompromising in our endeavours, we've created a superior conversion of Mercedes Benz 413 CDi, giving the most spacious, ready to drive away motorhome with the most included options and energy independence. Visit our website for loads of images and text that will leave you in no doubt we've achieved our mission. Ballina Campervan & Leisure Centre : NSW North Coast Specialising in the small end of the market, we stock a large range of layouts in campervans and small motorhomes. We can supply you with a new or used vehicle with a new campervan conversion, or you can supply the vehicle. Whichever way, if it's to do with a campervan we can help!! Bartrak Campervan and Motorhome Rentals : Vic Bartrak has on offer a range of superbly maintained ex-rental campervans and motorhomes. Save big $$$$$ on "as new" vehicles. Most under 3 years old. Ask about our free "try before you buy" scheme (conditions apply). Click on our logo to view our current sample list of vehicles that we have on offer. Brisbane RVs : North & South of Brisbane, QLD Two Big Display Centres north and south of Brisbane. Great selection of new and pre-owned Motorhomes, Campervans and Fifth Wheelers. Brands include Winnebago, Sunliner, Suncamper, Maui Britz and Ulysses. We also carry a huge selection of caravans. See our friendly experienced staff. Visit our website for directions. Carrigg Motorhomes : Perth, WA Carrigg Motorhomes director Raymond Carrigg is a shipwright by trade. He expertly builds motorhomes as a family business where craftsmanship and perfection will be to your satisfaction. Photos on the website reflect the quality you can expect from a motorhome now available and future conversions. Coffs Caravans & Motorhomes : Coffs Harbour, NSW Looking for a motorhome, campervan or other RV? Two acres of motorhomes, including new Suncamper, Matilda and Aussie Motorhomes - and our ever expanding second hand fleet, await your inspection at Coffs Caravans & Motorhomes, midway Brisbane and Sydney. Come visit let one of our motorhomes take you on an adventure today. Country Motor Company Winnebago : NSW South Coast Authorised Winnebago NSW & ACT Dealer - JUST TWO HOURS SOUTH OF SYDNEY. Comprehensive range of new and used Winnebagos for your inspection. Many are one owner with low kilometres. Visit our website, then phone Bill Kitchener toll free on 1800 048 810 or 0403 463 339. Cruise RV's : Sunshine Coast, QLD Luxury gooseneck mobile homes custom built to suit your taste and requirements. Australian owned and manufactured, Cruise RV's are built to suit Australian standards and conditions. Our aim is to consistently provide an excellent finished product with not just satisfied but delighted customers. This includes an ATM suitable for your tow vehicle. Dave Benson Caravans : Adelaide, SA Sunliner Dealership recently established. Flagstaff Fifth Wheel Dealer (including the super light Flagstaff 22 which offers spacious interiors with flush-floor slide-outs). . Australia's largest range (over 100) of new and used recreational vehicles and leisure products in Australia's largest undercover showroom. We also provide accessories, servicing, finance, and extended warranty. Denning Manufacturing Pty Ltd : Brisbane QLD Combining the manufacture of bus and coach bodies with the production of motorhomes. Our purpose designed, locally built two and three axle motorhome chassis, full coach style airbag suspension, American engines/transmission, rated towing capacity of 4000kg and 6000kg respectively. Body to lock up only. Previously known as Aussie Drifter. Dick White Bus and Motorhome Sales : Alstonville, North Coast of NSW Located on the North coast of NSW and stocking a large range of buses/coaches for school/charter work and motorhome or camper conversions. Dick has 35 years experience in the bus and coach industry, the last 7 years involved in the motorhome industry with conversions/fitouts and the supply of motorhome/RV equipment. Discoverer Campers : Revesby, Sydney, NSW Australia’s newest campervan and van accessory supercentre, incorporating a showroom and manufacturing facility, showcases our comprehensive range of accessories and our expanding range of new and used campervans. Campervan servicing and accessory fitting is performed on site by our qualified staff. Our website includes a down loadable Kia Pregio camper brochure. Dove Campers : Perth, WA Western Australias leading name in camper conversions, gained from twenty years experience. Great range of new and used campers as well as parts and accessories in stock or we can convert a vehicle to your exact requirements. Make sure your leisure time is quality time by using our experience and expertise. Dryden Trailers : Qld We are proud to be a 100% Australian owned family company, manufacturing just south of Brisbane. Why not make the RV lifestyle your reality instead of a dream? Visit our website www.drydentrailers.com.au to find out all about fifth wheeler trailer homes - prices start around $65,000. We can also help with repairs to motorhomes and extras like fitting drinking water tanks - just ask! Fifth Wheelers Australia : Vic We specialise in importing quality New & Used 5th wheel units for the Australian market. Every unit we sell comes fully converted & registered for Australian standards. Fifth Wheel units are high in luxury and flexibility, as well as being incredibly stable & reliable on the road. Check out a 5th wheel unit. Its time to Think Again! Flagstaff - Forest River Australia The new Flagstaff 23 fifth wheels with slides designed/built specifically for the new Hi-Lux, Rodeo, and Australian utes. Genuine Australian model 240V and gas appliances. Full US factory backed warranty. The only units built specifically for Australia by the factory. Australian distributor. Geist Range of Caravans and Motorhomes : National Represent a unique combination of German Engineering and Australian Style. The range is set apart by attention to detail and distinctive new approach to design. Geist offers a national dealer network and full parts and service back-up Australia wide including a 5-year warranty on water leaks. Getaway RV : Ringwood, VIC Specialising in the sale of campervans and motorhomes. Second hand vehicles, ranging from $5,000 to $100,000 include ex rentals - Melbournes only ex rental Britz Mauri resellers. Generous Buy-back scheme at a guaranteed price (conditions apply) means you can properly budget for your big trip. Our sister company provides rental vehicles. I & D Industries : Sydney, NSW We are a family owned business with over 30 years experience in the Campervan and Motorhome industry. We can customise a conversion to suit your requirements or we have vehicles already converted for immediate delivery. We also do Motorhome Smash Repairs and renovations. Visit our website for further details. International Trucks Iveco : National Iveco is fast becoming a popular choice for motorhomes because the range covers vans and cab-chassis light commercials which combine car-like economy and ease of operation with truck-like toughness. The cab is designed with ergonomics in mind, high levels of comfort and comprehensive standard equipment - including climate-control air-conditioning. Jacana : Taree, NSW Coach Conversions. Quality fitout of new or re manufactured vehicles. Custom build to suit your needs of living design. 20 years of interior fitout in both Marine and Motorhome industry has proven our construction techniques using no MDF, chipboard or staples will provide years of trouble free living and appreciated luxury. Jayco : National Dealership With 29 years experience as Australia's leading recreational vehicle manufacturer, Jayco used its state-of-the-art high-tech manufacturing processes to build an extraordinary campervan. Jayco's award winning design team used its know-how and technical excellence to create a new benchmark in luxurious campervan design. The results are proudly displayed on our website. John Hughes RV Centre : Perth, WA John Hughes' RV Centre, the exclusive WA agent for Sunliner Recreational Vehicles and Matilda Motorhomes, offers the best range of new and pre-owned campervans and motorhomes in WA. Contact Mike Humble and his team for experienced advice on purchasing/hiring recreational vehicles, accessories, service and finance packages and "Live the Dream". Kea Campers (Australia) Pty Ltd Proudly sells new and well maintained ex-rental campervans, motorhomes & 4WD's at very competitive prices. Vehicles are ADR approved and designed to provide quality, comfort and luxury. KEA has sales offices in Adelaide, Alice Springs, Brisbane, Cairns, Darwin, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney. Visit us - We are ready when you are. Lifestyle RV : Brisbane Qld Lifestyle RVs specialise in conversion of Mercedes Benz Sprinter, Toyota Coaster and Nissan Civilian Buses. We do Pop Top conversions to Toyota Hi Ace, Ford and Mazda vans. We also manufacture (under licence) the award-winning Paradise Motor Homes Castaway and Oasis Mercedes Benz. Let us arrange a package to suit your budget. Lupara Motorhomes Pty Ltd : Devonport, TAS Turn your ute into a camper unit in around three minutes - with the simple press of a button, no manual labour, no specialised skills and in complete safety. During the week your ute can be used for working, while in camper mode, you have independent transport for shopping and touring. Matilda Luxury Motorhomes : Natl dealers Using a fully moulded one piece fibreglass body with a solid Tasmanian Oak interior – lightweight, strong and safe, your Matilda will never leak or corrode. Built to last, retain their value for life and to certainly impress. Now proudly owned by Australia’s leading fibreglass specialists’ since 1969, Ron Gee Enterprises. Melbourne RV Centre : Melbourne Vic With over 70 years of collective experience in the RV industry, we have a large range of new and used campervans and motorhomes and are the only authorised agent for Sunliner in Melbourne . Our Service and Repair centre focuses on after-sales service, upgrades and general maintenance. Free Airport pick up for interstate customers. Motorhomes Queensland : Sunshine Coast, QLD New Matilda, Trakka Motorhomes, King of the Road and Travelhome 5th Wheelers – Also a wide range of new and pre-loved motorhomes. Although based on Queensland's Sunshine Coast, we have satisfied customers Australia wide and take pleasure and pride in introducing our customers to the joys of motorhoming. Oasis Leisure Vehicles : Bayswater, Melbourne The Applause motorhome, built on the superb Fiat Ducato by AVan Campers and Caravans, is now available. AVan Campers, famous for the A shaped Avan Campers, have vast experience in manufacturing RVs and great care is paid to innovation, superb design and weight control. Oasis is the Victorian and Tasmanian Distributor. Odessa Motorhomes Pty Ltd : Sydney NSW Odessa Motor Homes director Harry Messent, a joiner/cabinet maker by trade, expertly crafts the cabinetry for each vehicle and personally supervises all other qualified tradespeople working on the Odessa Mk 2. Odessa Motor Homes is a family run business and their motto is that customer satisfaction is always their top priority. Outback Motorhomes Pty Ltd : Silverdale, NSW Creating high quality and luxurious motor homes at an affordable price. The C-Class 23 ft Outack Cruiser, the A-Class 28 ft Flinders and 31ft Kimberley motor homes are Australian made and direct from the factory to you. For more information, call 1300 558 092, email sales@outbackmotorhomes.com.au or visit our website. Pacific RV : North Coast NSW USA built, first class components, aluminium frame combines lightweight with "aviation" strength. “Penthouse on wheels", "luxury plus", "very impressive with dual opposite slideouts" said new owners. Visit the website, phone Richard 02 6624 2962 or 0414 285 311. THOR CALIFORNIA DEALER no 000559 for AUSTRALIA. Gas compliance AS 5601 AG 601code 2002. Paradise Motorhomes : Qld Gold Coast Excellence by Design. Specialising in award-winning Luxury Motorhomes driven on a Standard Licence. With innovative patented designs and procedures the new "Liberation" with two slide-outs combines all the advantages of a cab-chassis with the space and roominess of an "A" Class motorhome. Contact paradisemhomes@bigpond.com.au for the complete product range. Parkland Winnebago : WA The Western Australian retailer of new Winnebago motorhomes. Also sell quality used motorhomes and campervans. Our modern and well equipment service department maintains and repairs all types of recreational vehicles. Spare parts and accessories sold and fitted as required. So if you are in WA, make sure you visit us! Pegasus Motor Homes Pty Ltd : Brisbane Pegasus is the “Home of the 40’ers”, specialising in Custom built Motorhomes. They designed/built their first Disability friendly Motorhome just last year. The finished product is motorhome in appearance, rather than a converted coach. Internal/external skins are removed, rust treated, roof raised and mid mount door fitted – just for starters! Queensland RV : Qld Sunshine Coast Situated on the Sunshine Coast, Queensland RV is the largest one-stop RV dealer in the state, selling new Winnebago motorhomes, new Royal Flair caravans, new QRV campervans and stocking a large selection of pre-owned motorhomes, campers and caravans. Our diverse range of stock means we can trade more competively than other dealers. Why not give us a try? RV Oz Pty Ltd : Batemans Bay NSW Authorised Australian dealer and distributor for Coachmen Industries USA. Coachmen, one of the largest RV companies in the world, have been building premium quality recreational vehicles for over 40 years. Visit our sales centre on the Princess Highway in Batemans Bay NSW and inspect our range of premium quality recreational vehicles. Sunliner : Melbourne Vic Go as far as your dreams will take you! Sunliner Recreational Vehicles is dedicated to the design, manufacture and distribution of high quality and luxurious recreational vehicles. Life on the road in a Sunliner is enjoyable and relaxing. There's no parking, unpacking, bad food and hauling suitcases! Visit our website to see the huge range of quality vehicles. Sunshine State RV : Sunshine Coast, Qld Located at Mooloolaba, SUNSHINE STATE RV is an authorized distributor for SUNLINER Recreational Vehicles. A comprehensive range of new SUNLINER Motor Homes on display, each appointed with luxury features to make your dream become a reality without compromising your lifestyle. Open Monday to Saturday; click our logo for more information. Sutherland American RV Sales : Qld Gold Coast Olympian 5th Wheelers are manufactured in Indiana USA, and these are built to Australian requirements. The door is on the correct side, and they have 240 volt. All come with Qld rego, ready to go. Sutherlands are on the Gold Coast. Ph 07 5596 0111 or 0417 944192. Sydney Campervan & Motorhome RV Centre : Northern Beaches of Sydney Number 1 Dealer of preowned Trakka Campers & Motorhomes - selling & buying across Australia. We offer friendly, expert advice to help you choose from our great display of quality used vehicles & are agents for New Trakkas on the Northern Beaches of Sydney. Ph (02) 9979 4449. Email info@sydneyrvcentre.com.au TJ Motorhomes : Sydney, NSW We buy & sell used Motorhomes & Campervans. Large selection in stock at all times - and more arriving regularly. We also perform any alterations, conversions & modifications to suit your requirements. With 43 years experience in the industry, visit us 1st for all your mobile travel needs. Conversion kits in stock. Trailblazers RV : Braeside, Melbourne, VIC The Trailblazers range of Ultralite Slide-on Campers & Fifth Wheelers are custom built for the smaller single & twin cab 1 tonners through to "F" Trucks. The lightweight bodies are built in Canada to Australian specifications, the chassis and final fit out, using local appliances are completed in our Melbourne factory. Trakka : NSW, Vic & Qld Trakka, multi-award winning Australian company with an exceptional range of Motorcampers. World-class excellence and expertise in Motorcampers for over 30 years. From compact campervans (Trakkadu, Torino) to mobile grand residence (Sandpiper, Veneto). You’ll be given first-class service and expert advice at all stages, become a member of the TRAKKA family!! Ph:(02) 9472 9000 US Vans Australia Pty Ltd : Sunshine Coast, QLD Looking for a quality motorhome imported from the USA? Not only do we import these motorhomes but we are specialists in converting them to Australian standards and ensuring they meet compliance conditions for Australian registration. Visit our website and drool over our 1988 Sportscoach and two additional luxury diesel pusher motorhomes. Watson's Caravans & RV's : Coffs Harbour, NSW Offering the new Jayco campervans for sale. Jayco used its state-of-the-art high-tech manufacturing processes to build an extraordinary campervan, introducing its stamp of luxury into campervan design. Watsons, winner of the CCIA of NSW award for 2003 Best Caravan Retailer of the Year is well placed to offered top sales and service. Winnebago Industries : National Australia's number 1 Motorhome Manufacturer, with a network of Dealers offering Sales and Service Australia wide. To contact your nearest dealer please call toll free 1800 102 201 or for further information please email: information@winnebago.com.au 100% Australian Owned and Operated. Wirr-away Motor Homes : Mildura, VIC An innovative 24ft motorhome built on a Mercedes 413/416 with a high quality finish, inside and out. Features: Interior- island bed, separate toilet/shower, pullout pantry, swivel chairs, ample under bed storage; Exterior - all essentials for outdoor living including shower, BBQ and table. Awarded five star rating. Competitively priced. Wombat Conversions : Horsham, VIC Glide-Ons (Slide-Ons but much easier to operate) are our specialty but we build motorhomes as well. We take pride in providing high quality motorhomes and campers about which our customers can honestly say, Just what we wanted! We work together as partners to achieve this result. We even assist Do-IT-Yourselfers. Interested in advertising on the CMCA site? Email for full details.

Winnebago. Using the Internet,

Winnebago Winnebago History © (revised 9.30.00) [Note: This is a single part of what will be, by myclassification, about 240 compact tribal histories (contact to 1900). Itis limited to the lower 48 states of the U.S. but also includes thoseFirstNations from Canada and Mexico that had important roles ( Huron ,Assiniboine, etc.). This history's content and style are representative. The normal processat this point is to circulate an almost finished product among a peergroup for comment and criticism. At the end of this History you willfind links to those Nations referred to in the History of theWinnebago. Using the Internet, this can be more inclusive. Feel free to comment orsuggest corrections via e-mail. Working together we can end some of thehistorical misinformation about Native Americans. You will find the egoat this end to be of standard size. Thanks for stopping by. I look forward to your comments... Lee Sultzman. WinnebagoLocation The Winnebago do not remember a time when they did not live at Red Bankson the south shore of Green Bay. Their occupation of Wisconsin is veryancient, perhaps thousands of years. Although they have no memories ofmound-building, they may well be descendents of the earlier Mississippian,Hopewell, and Adena cultures. Their homeland lay between Green Bay andLake Winnebago in northeast Wisconsin but they dominated the area fromUpper Michigan south to present-day Milwaukee extending west to theMississippi. Beginning in the 1640s, thousands of Algonquin refugees fromthe Beaver Wars (1630-1701) invaded Wisconsin from the east, and theresulting wars and epidemics brought the resident tribes, Winnebago and Menominee , to the point of near extinction. The Winnebago who survivedremained near Green Bay but were forced to share their homeland with othertribes. After the French and Great Lakes Algonquin victory over the Iroquois in1701, many of the refugee tribes left Wisconsin allowing the Winnebago toreclaim some of their homeland - especially after the near-annihilation ofthe Fox during the Fox Wars (1712-16 and 1728-37). The Winnebago spreadsouth afterwards along the Wisconsin and Rock Rivers into southernWisconsin eventually claiming a portion of northwestern Illinois. Americansettlement of Wisconsin began after 1825, and the Winnebago rapidly lostterritory. By 1840 the Winnebago had ceded their Wisconsin land and agreedto move to northeast Iowa. Despite this many Winnebago remained inWisconsin defying efforts to remove them. During the next 50 years, thethe Winnebago were shifted around like a piece of unwanted baggage. In1848 the Winnebago were sent north to the Crow Wing River in Minnesota.Eight years later, they were moved south to Blue Earth county, Minnesotawhere they remained until after the Sioux uprising in 1862. Although theWinnebago had no part in this, the government deported them to SouthDakota and placed with the Nakota (Yankton Sioux). At this point, the Winnebago began to rebel. Many left the reservation andreturned to Iowa, Minnesota or Wisconsin. The others fled down theMissouri to the Omaha Reservation in Nebraska. In 1865 the governmentaccepted this and created a separate Winnebago Reservation (40,000 acres)in northeast Nebraska. During their many moves, many Winnebago never leftWisconsin. In addition, some had managed to stay in northeast Iowa andsouthern Minnesota when the main group was moved. Raided by the Lakota andpressured to allot their reservation, many Winnebago left Nebraska duringthe 1870s and 80s and went home to Wisconsin. The government would sendthem back, but the Winnebago just kept going, and the government finallygave up and purchased land in Wisconsin for the Winnebago. As a result,there are two separate Winnebago tribes today: the Wisconsin Winnebagowith 4,400 acres (333 acres tribally owned) scattered in small holdingsacross ten counties; and the Nebraska Winnebago who still have 27,500acres from their 1865 reservation, 3,100 belongs to the tribe. Population Estimates of the Winnebago's pre-contact population are usually about8,000, but it probably was much higher. On Nicollet's second visit to theWinnebago in 1639, he estimated they had 5,000 warriors suggesting apopulation of 20,000. This higher figure would explain the pre-contactdominance of the region by the Winnebago. It is also more in line withWinnebago's own tradition which says that, due to over-population, severallarge groups of their people (Otoe, Missouri, and Iowa) left shortlybefore Nicollet's visit. Whatever their original number, the sudden dropin their population during the next 30 years was one of the most worstexperienced by any tribe. When the French returned to Wisconsin in 1665,wars and epidemic had reduced the Winnebago to fewer than 500. From the point of near-extinction, the Winnebago began a slow recovery. In1736 the French said there were about 700, but afterwards they grewrapidly through intermarriage with neighboring Algonquin. While othernative populations declined, the Winnebago actually increased. ZebulonPike made the first American estimate in 1806 - about 2,000, but heprobably was too low. In 1825 American Indian agents in Wisconsin gave5,800, and even after a smallpox epidemic in 1835 killed 25%, this onlydropped to 4,500. The first accurate count in 1842 was 2,200 Winnebagoliving in Iowa near Fort Atkinson. The trouble was no one knew how manyWinnebago were still in Wisconsin. Four years later, the government saidthere were 22 Winnebago bands totaling 4,400 people. By 1848 the figurewas back to 2,500. There were 1,756 "official" Winnebago in Minnesota in1856 - 1,200 of whom were finally settled in Nebraska in 1865. The Wisconsin Winnebago (Ho-Chunk Nation) at first actually avoided seekingfederal recognition and delayed this until 1963. Tribal headquarters are atBlack River Falls with an enrollment close to 5,000. Taken together, thereare currently more than 12,000 Winnebago which makes them one of the largertribes in the United States. Names Like many other tribes, the Winnebago's name is not what they calledthemselves. It comes from a Fox word "Ouinipegouek" meaning "people of thestinking water." No insult was intended. Instead, the name referred toalgae-rich waters of the Fox River and Lake Winnebago where the Winnebagooriginally lived. The French translated this as "stinking people" andshortened it to Puan. In its English form, it became Stinkard. For obviousreasons, the Winnebago have never been overly fond of this name. They callthemselves Hochungra (Hochungara, Hotcangara, Ochangra) "people of the bigspeech" - perhaps better rendered as "people of the parent speech"referring to their role as "grandfathers," the original people from whichother Siouan-speaking tribes sprang. Dissatisfied with their Algonquinname, the Wisconsin Winnebago recently changed their official name toHocak Nation (pronounced Hochunk). Other names include: Aweatsiwaenhronon(Huron), Banabeouik, Bay Indians, Hatihshirunu (Huron), Hotanka (Dakota),Mipegoe, Nipegon, Ochungaraw (Otoe, Iowa, Omaha, and Missouri), andOtonkah (Dakota). Language Siouan - Chiwere. Besides the Dakota (Sioux) at the west end of LakeSuperior, the Winnebago were the only Siouan-speaking people of the GreatLakes. Their language is identical to that of the Iowa, Otoe, and Missouriwho acknowledge that they separated from the Winnebago shortly beforecontact. Although the Sioux (Dakota, Nakota, and Lakota) have provided thename for the Siouan language group, it appears likely that Winnebago mayhave been the more important branch. It is closer to the Dhegiha dialectof the Osage, Quapaw, Omaha, Kansa, and Ponca (who call the Winnebagograndfathers or elder brothers). There also appears to be a closerrelationship of Winnebago to the Mandan from North Dakota and the Siouanspeaking tribes in the southeast United States. Siouan-speakers in NorthAmerica originally were located along a diagonal line extending roughlyfrom North Dakota to South Carolina. The Winnebago position in Wisconsinwas near the midpoint which lends weight to their claim as the"grandfather tribe." Villages Only a few names have survived, all of which were in Wisconsinexcept as noted: Butte des Mortes, Prairie la Crose, Red Banks, Sarrochau, Spotted Arm'sVillage, Tokaunee, Village du Puant (IN), Wuckan, and Yellow Thunder. Culture Mention Sioux, and visions of war bonnets, horses, buffalo, and tepeesflood the mind. However, this would be a poor description of theWinnebago. Although the Winnebago spoke a Siouan language, they were verymuch a woodland tribe whose lifestyle and dress closely resembled theirAlgonquin neighbors in the upper Great Lakes. Like other Siouan-speakingpeoples, the Winnebago were taller than other natives (for that matter,taller than most Europeans). Nicollet in 1634 described them as brave butlacking in humility ...almost to the point of arrogance. Their clothingwas fringed buckskin, which the Winnebago frequently decorated withbeautiful designs created from porcupine quills, feathers and beads - askill for which they are still renown. Men originally wore their hair intwo long braids, but in time this changed to the scalplock and roachheaddress favored by the Algonquin. Body tattooing was common to bothsexes. In the process of rebuilding their population after 1670, the Winnebagofrequently intermarried with Algonquin. So much so, it has been suggestedthey lost their original traditions and replaced them with Algonquin.Intermarriage certainly happened, and as a result, the purest Winnebagobloodline may actually be the Iowa and Otoe-Missouri. However, prior tocontact the Winnebago resembled the Algonquin in so many ways, there wasnot that much to change. The Winnebago were one of the northernmostagricultural tribes. In spite of a limited growing season, the Winnebagosuccessfully grew three types of corn together with beans, squash, andtobacco. They supplemented this with fishing and hunting, includingbuffalo from the prairies of southern Wisconsin. Using dugout canoes(rather than the lighter birchbark variety used by the Ojibwe and Ottawa),they also gathered wild rice from the nearby lakes during the fall. TheWinnebago used pottery for cooking and food storage, and copper implementswere fairly common since it was easily available from the south shore ofLake Superior. The Winnebago also resembled the Algonquin in that they were patrilinealwith descent and clan membership determined by the father. Winnebago clansserved both ceremonial and social functions, but in distinctive Siouancharacteristic, were grouped into two major divisions, or moieties: anUpper (Sky) with four clans; and a Lower (Earth) having eight. Of these,the Thunderbird and Bear clans were the most important with the hereditaryhead chief of the Winnebago almost always chosen from the Thunderbirdclan. Clan membership was more important among the Winnebago than bandaffiliation, and a Winnebago chief governed with the help of a councilcomposed of the principal members of each clan. Despite intermarriage withAlgonquin, it would appear the Winnebago made few changes to theirtraditional social or political structures. Of course, they never surrendered their distinctive Siouan language, butit was not uncommon for a Winnebago to speak several languages besides hisown (Algonquin, French, and English). Originally a farming people, theWinnebago lived in large semi-permanent villages. Unlike the Algonquin,they followed the Siouan pattern and did not usually separate to small,scattered hunting camps during winter - a possible link to the earlierMississippian Culture. The Algonquin influence, however, revealed itselfin the eight types of lodge (round or oval) the Winnebago are known tohave used during the historic period. This included the tepee fortemporary shelter on buffalo hunts. Burials varied according to clan withthe dead either buried or placed on a platform. Some things, however,never changed. They were always allies of the Menominee, but throughouttheir long history, the Winnebago remained enemies of the Illinois. History For as long as anyone can remember, the Winnebago lived in the vicinity ofGreen Bay in northeastern Wisconsin. The most powerful tribe in theregion, they dominated the western shore of Lake Michigan from UpperMichigan to southern Wisconsin. As part of major climatic change in NorthAmerica sometime around 1400, three closely related tribes - Ojibwe,Potawatomi, and Ottawa - began moving west along the shore of Lake Hurontowards the point where Lakes Superior, Huron, and Michigan meet. TheOttawa stopped at Manitoulin Island, but the Ojibwe occupied the northshore of Lake Huron including Upper Michigan near Sault Ste. Marie. About1500 the Potawatomi crossed over the Strait at Mackinac into northern partof the Lower Michigan peninsula. The invasion drove the original tribes ofthe region south and west. Among the victims were the Menominee andpossibly the Cheyenne, Sutai, and Arapaho. The Menominee were forced southwhere they became tributary and allies of the Winnebago. The Cheyenne andArapaho, however, were set adrift to the west until they reached the GreatPlains. The Winnebago were obviously powerful enough for the moment to prevent theOjibwe from moving further south, but the loss of territory and and agrowing population must have stressed the resources available to them.From subsequent events, it appears that the Winnebago tried to solve thisby moving into southern Wisconsin creating confrontations with the tribesof the Illinois Confederation. With no place to expand, the Winnebagobegan to separate. Sometime around 1570, the Iowa, Missouri, and Otoe leftthe Winnebago near Green Bay and moved west. Passing down the WisconsinRiver, they crossed the Mississippi and settled in Iowa before separatinginto individual tribes. Weakened by this defection, the remainingWinnebago concentrated into large villages near Green Bay to defend theirhomeland against the Ojibwe from the north or Illinois in the south. It was in this state of siege that the Winnebago felt the first effects ofEuropeans in North America. The French had begun their fur trade along theSt. Lawrence River in 1603 and, during 1609, had helped the Algonkin,Huron and Montagnais defeat the Iroquois and drive them south. Followingthe Ottawa River west, Étienne Brulé reached the Huron villages in 1611and Sault Ste. Marie in 1623. But for the most part, the French stopped atthe Huron villages on the south end of Lake Huron and allowed nativetraders to conduct the fur trade beyond that point. The Ottawa and Huronsoon linked with the Ojibwe in upper Michigan and then made attempts toopen trade with the Winnebago to south. The French first learned about theWinnebago from the Ottawa in 1620, and what they heard was not especiallygood. Knowing that the Ottawa were closely related to and trading withtheir Ojibwe enemies, the Winnebago were suspicious and refused to allowOttawa and Huron traders to proceed further west. The matter smoldered for several years, while the Winnebago felt theirfirst taste of the steel weapons the Ojibwe were receiving from the Frenchin exchange for their furs. Trying to break the impasse, the Ottawafinally sent envoys to the Winnebago to arrange trade. Revealing a talentfor treachery, the Winnebago killed and ate the Ottawa representatives.While the Ottawa and Huron prepared for war, the French in 1634 sent JeanNicolet west to the Winnebago on what appeared to be a suicide mission.When Nicollet landed at Red Banks on the south shore of Green Bay, he wasthe first European the Winnebago had ever seen which probably saved hislife. Nicollet ultimately succeeded in arranging a truce between theWinnebago, Huron, and Ottawa which allowed trade. The fragile arrangementlasted for some time afterwards allowing Nicollet to make a second visitto the Winnebago villages at La Baye (Green Bay) in 1639. Twenty-six yearswould pass before another Frenchman would visit Green Bay. The Winnebago were almost destroyed in the meantime. The Beaver Warsstarted in 1628 when the Iroquois , having defeated the Mahican for controlof the Dutch fur trade, began a war to reclaim their territory on theupper St. Lawrence River from the Algonkin. Montagnais , and Huron. Thefighting quickly spread west to other tribes. Having exhausted the beaverin their homelands, Ottawa, Neutral , and Tionontati warriors equipped withfirearms and steel weapons invaded lower Michigan to seize huntingterritory from the Algonquin living there. The first refugees from thesewars to arrive in Wisconsin were a group of Potawatomi who attempted tosettle near Green Bay in 1641. Showing no mercy, the Winnebago immediatelyattacked and by 1642 had driven them north into upper Michigan. Unfortunately, this was only the beginning. The remaining Potawatomi soon joined the early arrivals followed by other tribes from lower Michigan. As all of these refugee tribes united against them, disagreements arose among the Winnebago over how to deal with the situation resulting in fighting among themselves. In the end most Winnebago decided on war and to concentrate on the Fox. Disaster was immediate. Crossing Lake Winnebago in canoes to attack the Fox, the Winnebago were caught in a storm and 500 warriors were drowned. The three largest Winnebago bands then drew together into a single village - a traditional defensive measure in times of war, but it proved to be a death trap. 12,000 people in a confinedspace was the perfect conditions for the epidemics which accompanied the refugees to Wisconsin, and they struck the Winnebago with devastating effect. Smallpox has been blamed, but the Winnebago say the disease turned their people yellow suggesting it was something else. The Winnebago emerged from this with less than 1,500 warriors and 4,500people. They were also starving since war and epidemic had made itimpossible to harvest their crops. As mentioned, the hostility between theIllinois and Winnebago must have existed for many years before therefugees began to arrive. Perhaps motivated by a need to form an allianceagainst the newcomers who were also overrunning their territory, or evenpity for an old enemy fallen on hard times, the Illinois sent 500 warriorsand food to help the Winnebago. This proved a serious mistake. TheWinnebago welcomed and held a feast for them, but in the midst of thedancing and celebration, they secretly cut the Illinois' bowstrings. Thenthey fell upon their benefactors and killed all of them to appease thespirits of Winnebago warriors killed earlier by the Illinois. It took the Illinois some time to learn what had happened. In themeantime, the Winnebago had anticipated retaliation and retreated to anisland in the middle of a lake where they built a fort. A sensibleprecaution, since it was impossible for the Illinois to bring their heavydugout canoes overland with them to attack the Winnebago. The Illinoisproved patient and waited a year to take revenge. When the lake froze thatwinter, a large Illinois war party crossed over the ice to attack thevillage only to find the Winnebago were absent on their winter hunt. Aftera six-day pursuit, they caught up with the Winnebago and, during theslaughter which followed, almost annihilated them. Few Winnebago escapedto find refuge with the Menominee. About 150 Winnebago prisoners weretaken back as slaves to the Illinois villages and, after several years ofhard usage, released to return to Wisconsin. Less than 500 Winnebagosurvived to provide a future for their people, but theirnear-extermination was the second serious mistake made by the Illinois.Despite the circumstances which had caused it, the Winnebago never forgaveor forgot what had happened. In the east the Beaver Wars had grown in intensity and threatened theFrench fur trade. The climax came in the early spring of 1649 when theIroquois overran and destroyed the Huron. Other French allies fell victimduring the next few years while the Iroquois moved into the Ottawa Valleycutting French access to the western Great Lakes. The Iroquois theninvaded lower Michigan during the 1650s expelling the remaining Algonquin.20,000 refugees fled west to Wisconsin producing a tide which thedecimated Menominee and Winnebago could not resist. Even the Illinois wereforced to surrender territory in southern Wisconsin. So far as is known,the Winnebago made only one attempt at resistance during this period whenthey managed to keep the Mascouten from locating near Green Bay in 1655.However, this success proved temporary and made the Winnebago hated by therefugees. Within three years the Mascouten had allied with the Kickapoo and Miami and settled where they pleased. Only Iroquois attacks in thearea during 1660 forced them inland to a safer location at the Fox Portage. The Iroquois victory over the Huron in 1649 had virtually destroyed theFrench trade, but they managed to continue on a limited basis by invitingtribes to bring their furs to Montreal. This was only possible for large,heavily-armed canoe fleets able to fight their way past the Iroquois onthe Ottawa River. Having become dependent on French trade goods, only theOttawa and Huron were willing to try, and supported by Ojibwe warriors,they fought their way to and from Montreal. In this manner, French tradegoods continued to reach the western Great Lakes in limited amounts, butit also brought Iroquois war parties west to Wisconsin to stop the tradeat its source. The French had made a separate peace with the Iroquois in1645, but this collapsed in 1658. Six years of raids and harassmentfollowed before the French got serious and sent a regiment of soldiers toQuebec to deal with the Iroquois. Their attacks on Iroquois homelandproduced an alliance between the British and Iroquois and marked thebeginning of the British-French struggle for control of North America. Meanwhile, the French resumed travel to the western Great Lakes. In 1665fur trader Nicholas Perrot, Jesuit Claude-Jean Allouez, and four otherFrenchmen accompanied a large Huron-Ottawa trading party (400 warriors) onits return journey. After fighting their way past the Iroquois along theOttawa River, they reached Green Bay. What they found was a disaster: war,disease, and starvation. Allouez mentioned sadly that only 500 remained ofonce-numerous Winnebago described by Nicollet. French attacks on theIroquois homeland produced a lasting peace in 1667. For the first time, italso extended to French allies and trading partners, including those inthe western Great Lakes. This allowed the French to resume their furtrade, but they first needed to bring some order to the area and end thewarfare. Using the threat of withholding trade, they began mediatingintertribal disputes, a role which eventually evolved into therelationship of Onontio (the French governor of Canada) and his "Indianchildren." Although the French fur trade had been at the root of the Beaver Warswhich almost destroyed the Winnebago, it also saved them from extinction.As peace was restored, the Winnebago accepted the Algonquin refugees inWisconsin and began to intermarry with them adapting parts of theirculture in the process. The exception, of course, being that there wasnothing the French could do to end the Winnebago's hatred of the Illinois.The peace lasted thirteen years, until the Beaver Wars renewed to thesouth in 1680 between the Iroquois and Illinois. The Winnebago must havetaken a certain pleasure during the next two years while Seneca warparties struck the Illinois with genocidal effect. During 1684, however,the Iroquois failed to take Fort St. Louis on the upper Illinois Riverafter which the tide turned. The French strengthened their forts, providedfirearms to their allies, and organized an alliance to fight the Iroquois. The alliance took the offensive in 1687, and by 1690 the Iroquois were onthe defensive and retreating towards their New York homeland. The warfare(coinciding with the King William's War (1688-97) between Britain andFrance) continued until a peace was signed in 1701 which left the Frenchand their allies in control of the Great Lakes. Still recovering theirpopulation, Winnebago participation in this victory was minimal but thebenefits enormous. With the Iroquois defeated, refugees began leavingWisconsin for new homes to the south and east. This relieved theovercrowding and competition for resources, and after 60-years, theWinnebago regained most of their homeland. Meantime, the French fur tradehad continued unrestricted and by the 1690s had produced a glut of fur onthe European market. The resulting price drop motivated the Frenchmonarchy to finally listen to protests from Jesuit missionaries about thecorruption the fur trade was creating among Native Americans. In 1696licenses were revoked and trade suspended in the western Great Lakes. Since the French alliance was based on trade, it was a terrible decision.Even while they were going down in defeat, the Iroquois sensed the Frenchvulnerability and began to offer French allies access to British tradersat Albany. Suspecting the French would make their own peace with theIroquois, the alliance began to unravel, and the French had greatdifficulty getting their allies to agree to the peace signed with theIroquois in 1701. Urgent appeals sent to Paris from Canada asking for aresumption of trade in the Great Lakes brought limited relief in 1701 whenAntoine Cadillac was allowed to build Fort Pontchartrain at Detroit totrade with the Great Lakes tribes. Cadillac quickly invited just aboutevery tribe in the region to move to Detroit, and the result wasovercrowding and warfare between former allies. Rather than solving theproblem, it further strained what remained of the French alliance andduring 1712 erupted into the First Fox War (1712-16). Following confrontations with neighboring tribes, the Fox, Kickapoo, andMascouten attacked the French at Fort Pontchartrain. In midst of thesiege, Ottawa, Huron, and Potawatomi warriors arrived to save the Frenchand killed most of the Fox. The survivors retreated west to southernWisconsin from where they continued to war on the French and their allies.Although the Winnebago had helped the Fox drive the Kaskaskia (part of thehated Illinois) from southern Wisconsin in 1700, they had never leftWisconsin. When the war between the French and Fox moved west, theWinnebago remained neutral. The French used Potawatomi allies to defeatthe Kickapoo and Mascouten taking them out of the war, but an expeditionagainst a Fox fort in southern Wisconsin ended in frustration. Afterwards,the French offered peace, and the Fox accepted. The fighting stopped, butneither side, trusted the other. Unfortunately, it did not end the fighting between the Fox and Peoria(Illinois) after the Peoria refused to return Fox prisoners captured atDetroit in 1712. French attempts to mediate failed, and the war spread asthe Mascouten and Kickapoo joined the Fox against the Peoria. By 1724 theFox had added the Winnebago and Dakota to their side, and the French beganto suspect the Fox were forming an alliance against them. With theIllinois getting the worst of it, the French decided to intervene in 1726and sent an expedition against the Fox. Like their previous efforts tosubdue a tribe they considered a troublemaker, this accomplished nothing,and the French decided to exterminate the Fox. However, they first tookthe precaution of isolating the Fox from their allies. The Dakota droppedout, and then the Winnebago. With the outbreak of the Second Fox War (1728-37), the Winnebago switchedto the French. During the winter of 1729, a combined Winnebago, Menominee,Ojibwe war party attacked a Fox hunting party killing at least 80 warriorsand capturing some 70 women and children. The French, in the meantime, hadreoccupied their old fort at La Baye to prosecute the war against the Fox.Concerned about Fox retaliation, the Winnebago moved close to Green Bayand built a fort on an island in the Fox River. The Fox found them but thefort was too strong for direct attack, so they laid siege. To appease theFox, the Winnebago seized two Menominee who had married into their tribeand killed them. The headless bodies were thrown outside the fort with theexplanation that the Winnebago had killed them because they were part ofthe war party which had attacked the Fox. This did not satisfy the Fox whocontinued the siege. The French finally arrived from Green Bay with 34Menominee warriors to help the Winnebago, but when the Menominee learnedwhat had happened, it was all the French could do to stop them, with Foxwarriors just outside the gate, from killing every Winnebago in sight. The Fox eventually abandoned the siege, after which the Winnebago madeamends with the Menominee who had always been their allies. The warcontinued during which the Mascouten and Kickapoo ended their alliancewith the Fox after a fatal argument over French prisoners. Without allies,the Fox decided in 1730 to leave Wisconsin and flee east to the Iroquois.Caught in the open in northern Illinois, they were almost annihilated bythe French and their allies. The few remaining Fox found refuge with theSauk living near Green Bay, but the French were determined to finish theFox and dispatched an expedition in 1734 to demand the Sauk surrender theFox. This was refused, and in the battle which followed, the Frenchcommander was killed. In the confusion, the Sauk and Fox escaped and fledwest of the Mississippi into Iowa. Another French expedition against themfailed in 1736, and at a conference held in Montreal during the spring of1737, the Winnebago and Menominee asked the French to show mercy to theFox while the Potawatomi and Ottawa made the same request on behalf of theSauk. The French reluctantly agreed and made peace. The departure of the Fox andSauk from Wisconsin provided the Winnebago an opportunity to expand theirrange to the south and west. Although some Winnebago remained in thevicinity of Green Bay after 1741, most moved their villages inland. Sincethe animal populations near Green Bay had never recovered from the stressplaced on them by the refugees during the 1600s, the Winnebago had beenforced to make longer and longer trips inland to feed themselves and findthe furs they needed for trade with the French. Although the Dakota andOjibwe were at war with each other over hunting territory in westernWisconsin, neither objected to Winnebago hunters in the area. TheMenominee enjoyed the same immunity, but in their case, the Fox and Saukwere a serious threat. The Winnebago were able to establish a friendlyrelationship with the Fox and Sauk after 1737, but the Menominee could not. Little fighting occurred in the western Great Lakes during the KingGeorge's War (1744-48), but Winnebago warriors travelled east to Montrealwith the Ottawa, Menominee, Saulteur and Mississauga Ojibwe, Illinois,Potawatomi, and Huron to defend Quebec from the British. The capture ofthe French fortress at Louisbourgh in 1745 allowed a British blockade ofthe St. Lawrence which cut the supply of French trade goods. The effectwas immediate, and the French quickly lost control of their allies in thethe Great Lakes. Nowhere was this more apparent than with the increasinglybeleaguered Illinois. In 1746 while the Winnebago and Menominee werefighting the Missouri west of the Mississippi, the Mascouten, Potawatomi,Menominee, and Ojibwe joined to force the Peoria from their laststrongholds in southern Wisconsin. Without the leverage of their tradegoods, the French were powerless to protect the Illinois, and the otherAlgonquin continued to attack them. Between 1751 and 1754, the Mascouten,Kickapoo, and Potawatomi took more territory from the Peoria - this timein northern Illinois. With the start of the French and Indian War (1755-63), the Winnebago onceagain went east to fight for the French. They helped to defeat Braddock atFort Duquesne and also fought at Oswego and in the French campaign innorthern New York in 1757. They paid a terrible price when Great Lakeswarriors contracted smallpox at Fort William Henry and brought it backwith them to their villages that winter. Smallpox swept through the GreatLakes and Ohio Valley taking most the western tribes out of the war.Meanwhile, a British blockade was having the same effect it had in 1746 instopping French trade goods. Dissatisfaction resulted, and during thewinter of 1758, an Menominee uprising at Green Bay killed 22 Frenchsoldiers. After the capture of Quebec by the British in September, 1759.France had lost the war in North America. Montreal surrendered thefollowing year, and British soldiers occupied Green Bay in 1761. The breakdown of French authority in the region had brought the Winnebago,Menominee, Potawatomi, and Winnebago at Green Bay to the verge of war withthe Michilimackinac Ojibwe in 1761, but the British assumed the old Frenchrole of mediator and provider of trade goods. In preventing the outbreakof serious warfare, the British won the trust and loyalty of the Winnebagoand Menominee. With the start of the Pontiac Rebellion in 1763, theWinnebago (also the Menominee, Sauk, Fox, Iowa and Arbre Croche Ottawa)sent wampum belts to the British as a token of their loyalty. Pontiac'srevolt quickly collapsed, and discredited among his own people aftersigning a peace with the British in 1766, he abandoned his village nearDetroit and moved to northern Illinois where he still had a loyalfollowing. In 1769 he was murdered by the nephew of a Peoria chief duringa visit to Cahokia (just east of St. Louis). Almost all of tribes of theold French alliance united in a war against the Illinois and almostexterminated them. The Peoria made their last stand at Starved Rock thatyear from which fewer than 200 reached safety at the French settlement ofKaskaskia. After a long wait, the Winnebago finally had their revengeagainst the Illinois. The victors then occupied much of the Illinoisterritory - the Winnebago's share was a portion of northwest Illinoisvalued because of its lead deposits. During the next 50 years, the Winnebago would ally with the British byfighting both the Spanish and Americans during the Revolutionary War(1775-83) and The Americans during the War of 1812 (1812-14). Earlyfighting in the west during the Revolutionary War was mostly confined toOhio and Kentucky and did not involve the Winnebago. George Rogers Clark'scapture of the Illinois country in 1778 created alarm. and the Britishmoved to reconcile disputes between the Great Lakes tribes and to use themagainst the Americans. To this end, they settled the lingering hostilitybetween the Green Bay tribes and the Michilimackinac Ojibwe as well asother disputes between the Ojibwe, Fox, and Sauk. and the Potawatomi andMiami. This allowed the Winnebago (also Fox, Sauk, Potawatomi, Dakota, andMenominee) in 1780 to join an unsuccessful British effort to capture St.Louis from the Spanish (Spain had joined the war against Britain) andretake Illinois from the Americans. The Revolutionary War "officially"ended in 1783 with the Treaty of Paris, but in the Ohio Valley, theBritish continued to occupy Detroit and their other forts on Americanterritory until the United States paid its treaty obligations to Britishloyalists. In the meantime, the British encouraged the formation of a westernalliance to keep the Americans out of Ohio. They succeeded until theBattle of Fallen Timbers in 1794. The Winnebago in Wisconsin were too faraway to participate in this effort, but the British dominated the tribesand trade of the Upper Great Lakes until the 1830s. Intertribal warfareduring the 1770s and 80s had hindered the fur trade, and at the request ofMontreal fur traders, the British met with the tribes of upper Great Lakesat Michilimackinac in October, 1786. The treaty signed there produced 20years of peace with the exception of the war between the Dakota and Ojibwewhich continued until the 1850s. This, however, was not a problem for theWinnebago who were friendly with both parties and free to hunt in the warzone between them. They also maintained a friendship with the Fox and Saukliving along the Mississippi in eastern Iowa and western Illinois, and itcan be said that during this period the Winnebago lived in peace with veryfew enemies. However, their ties to the Fox and Sauk and those leaddeposits in northwest Illinois would soon bring this to an end. The United States purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803changed the Winnebago's homeland from being at the edge to the center ofAmerican territory. Before this, the Winnebago had known the Americans asa distant enemy. Aside from their foray into the Illinois with the Britishin 1780, the Winnebago had never really met an American. This changed whenZebulon Pike's expedition explored the upper Mississippi in 1805. Hismeeting with the Winnebago near Prairie du Chien was peaceful, but theWinnebago soon had reason to worry. During 1804 William Henry Harrisonentertained a visiting Fox and Sauk delegation at St. Louis and, aftergetting them drunk, succeeded in convincing them to sign away theirtribe's lands east of the Mississippi in exchange for a few presents. Nextcame Fort Madison, the first American fort on the upper Mississippi, builtin southeast Iowa in 1809 and garrisoned with 50 soldiers. The Fox and Sauk refused to acknowledge the 1804 treaty and instantlybecame hostile to the Americans. The Winnebago were also concerned becauseof the lead deposits in their lands in northwest Illinois. In 1788 the Foxhad allowed Julien Dubuque, a French-Canadian from Michilimackinac, toopen a lead mine near the site of the Iowa city which now bears his name.Dubuque obtained a Spanish land grant to the site in 1796 and becamewealthy from fur trading and lead mining. When he died in 1810, St.Louiscreditors and land speculators attempted to seize his holdings, but theFox and Sauk prevented this by burning Dubuque's buildings to the ground.The threat of American takeover was no longer a distant threat in Ohio,and the Winnebago listened with great interest in 1809 to the religion ofTenskwatawa, the Shawnee Prophet and the call for unity and no furtherland cessions by his brother Tecumseh. Within a short time, the Winnebagowere one of the most militant members of Tecumseh's alliance against theAmericans. The Winnebago began making regular visits to Prophetstown (Tippecanoe) inIndiana during 1810 and even established a permanent village (Village duPuant) nearby. Tecumseh went south in the fall of 1811 to enlist thesouthern tribes against the Americans, During his absence, the Potawatomiattacked American settlements in Illinois starting a frontier war. WilliamHenry Harrison, the governor of the Indiana Territory, organized an armyand in November marched on Prophetstown. Tenskwatawa ignored his brother'sinstructions to avoid any confrontation with the Americans while he wasabsent and ordered his warriors to attack. The Winnebago lost heavily atthe Battle of Tippecanoe, but the military defeat was not nearly asimportant as the damage done to Tensquatawa's reputation as a prophet.Angry Winnebago warriors held him prisoner for two weeks and almost killedhim. When Tecumseh returned in January, 1812, his alliance was inshambles, but he able to rebuild and soon regained the allegiance of theWinnebago. With the outbreak of the War of 1812 (1812-14) in June, theWinnebago threw their support to Tecumseh and the British. With the Fox, Sauk, and Potawatomi, the Winnebago besieged Fort Madisonand forced its abandonment in 1813. Winnebago warriors also fought as partof Tecumseh's forces at Maumee Rapids and River Raisin in Ohio andMichigan. After Tecumseh was killed at the Battle of the Thames (October,1813), the Winnebago joined 500 warriors from the upper Great Lakes tohelp the British defeat the American attempt to retake FortMichilimackinac in August, 1814. The War of 1812 ended in a stalematebetween the British and Americans, but for the tribes of the Great Lakesand Ohio Valley it was total defeat. The Winnebago made peace with theAmericans at St. Louis in June, 1816. Their first treaty with the UnitedStates did not involve land cessions and called upon both sides to forgiveand forget injuries suffered during the war. The Winnebago kept their partof the agreement but remained hostile. They allowed Americans to travelthrough their territory from Mississippi to the Fox portage but chargedtolls. After the War of 1812, settlement began to advance up the Mississippi fromSt. Louis, but warfare in Iowa and Minnesota between the Dakota, Ojibwe,Fox, and Sauk slowed its progress. The government in 1825 attempted to endthe fighting at a grand council held with the area's tribes at Prairie duChien. Attended by the Ojibwe, Fox, Sauk, Menominee, Iowa, Sioux,Winnebago, Ottawa, and Potawatomi, the resulting treaty attempted to endintertribal warfare by establishing boundaries between them. It alsocreated a 40-mile wide buffer zone between the Dakota, Fox and Sauk innortheast Iowa. Called the Neutral Ground, the Americans hoped to relocatethe Winnebago there since they were friendly with both sides, but theWinnebago did not share the Americans optimism for this arrangement. Sinceits purpose was to facilitate settlement, the treaty made almost noprovision to protect native lands from white encroachment. It had onlylimited success in preventing warfare, but settlement afterwards movednorth at an accelerated pace. During the next 15 years the Winnebago would be forced to surrender mostof their homeland. The first target was the lead deposits in northwestIllinois, and in what can be described as the first (and last) "leadrush," Americans rushed in to stake their claims. Government agentsdescribed these people as "lawless" but did nothing to preventencroachment. Less than two years after the Treaty of Prairie du Chien,the Winnebago were forced into war to defend their lands. The resistance,known as the Winnebago War (1827), was led by the Winnebago Prophet WhiteCloud and the war chief Red Bird. Fighting began in the summer of 1827when a barge ascending the Mississippi near Prairie du Chien was firedupon. Other attacks killed some settlers along the lower Wisconsin Riverand struck the lead mines near Galena, Illinois. Soldiers were rushednorth from Jefferson Barracks at St. Louis, and by August it was over.Faced with a war they could not win, Red Bird and White Cloud surrenderedthemselves to be hanged to save their people. Red Bird died in prison, butWhite Cloud was pardoned by the president and released. Meanwhile, in atreaty signed a Green Bay in August, 1828, the Winnebago (also Ojibwe,Potawatomi, and Ottawa) ceded northern Illinois for $540,000. With the lead mining district secured, the next victims were the Fox andSauk in western Illinois. As a condition of peace in 1816, the UnitedStates had finally gotten their reluctant acceptance of that dubioustreaty signed at St. Louis in 1804 ceding all of their lands east of theMississippi. The bait was that the Fox and Sauk could stay until theAmericans needed the land. Most likely. neither the Fox, Sauk nor theAmerican representatives realized how soon this would be. Illinois becamea state in 1818 and within ten years was pressing for removal. Blackhawk'sSauk at Rock Island refused to move, but after the Menominee and Dakotamurdered 15 Fox chiefs enroute to a meeting with the Americans at Prairiedu Chien, war seemed eminent. Blackhawk brought his people west into Iowato protect the Fox and Sauk villages there from Dakota attacks which nevercame. When he started back to Illinois, the Americans refused to allow himto recross the Mississippi. Throughout the winter of 1831-32, the old war chief sat in eastern Iowaand fumed. In his anger, he listened to arguments from his friend Neapopeand the Winnebago Prophet (White Cloud) convincing him the British andother tribes were ready to join him against the Americans. In the springhe defiantly crossed the river into Illinois touching off the BlackhawkWar (1832). The help did not materialize. Only a few Potawatomi and WhiteCloud's small following among the Winnebago joined the revolt. Pursued bythe army and Illinois militia, Blackhawk retreated towards Wisconsinhoping to reach safety with either the Winnebago or Ojibwe. Most Winnebagowanted nothing to do with him and refused to help. Finally realizing this,Blackhawk turned west to try to return to Iowa. He never made it. Trappedbetween an American army and gunboat at the mouth of the Bad Axe River,the Sauk were slaughtered before surrendering. Menominee and Dakotawarriors killed many of those who managed to elude capture by theAmericans. A marked man, Blackhawk escaped before the battle and fled north. He wascaptured by the Winnebago of Chief Spoon Decorah (Choukeka), a friend ofthe Americans, who delivered him to the Indian Agent at Prairie du Chien.Despite this, the general feeling among the Americans was that theWinnebago had cooperated with Blackhawk. By the harsh terms of the treatynegotiated by General Winfield Scott at Fort Armstrong in September, 1832,the Winnebago ceded their lands east of the Mississippi and agreed to moveto Neutral Ground in northeast Iowa. They were to receive $270,000($10,000/year for 27 years) and were required to surrender several oftheir tribesmen accused of murdering whites during the war. Settlementmoved into southern Wisconsin afterwards, but the Winnebago remained intheir old lands, primarily because of hostility among the Fox and Sauk forthe Winnebago's failure to help them during the Blackhawk War. One out of four Winnebago died during a smallpox epidemic in 1836, whichmay have been a not-so-subtle hint for them to leave Wisconsin. A secondtreaty signed at Washington, D.C. in 1837 confirmed the Winnebago cessionof Wisconsin and reduced the size of the Neutral Ground, but the Winnebagodid not leave until 1840 when General Henry Atkinson refused to make theirannuities except at the Turkey River Subagency (Decorah, Iowa). By 1842approximately 2,200 Winnebago had settled in villages near the agencywhich was guarded by cavalry stationed nearby at Fort Atkinson, anecessary precaution since the threat of attack by the Fox and Sauk wasvery real. During the winter of 1839, they had killed 40 members of aWinnebago hunting party west of Wapsipinicon River. The following year,Fox and Sauk decided to attack the Winnebago villages near the agency butwere only prevented by a unusually heavy snowfall that winter. Meanwhile,more than 1,000 Winnebago had remained in their homeland giving FortAtkinson's cavalry the added problem of keeping the Iowa Winnebago fromgoing back to Wisconsin. With Iowa statehood in 1846, it was time for the Winnebago to be movedagain. In a 1845 treaty, the Winnebago exchanged their Iowa lands for the800,000 acre Long Prairie (Crow Wing River) reserve in Minnesota and$190,000. The move ended the threat of the Fox and Sauk, but placed theWinnebago as a buffer between the Dakota and Ojibwe. Some Winnebagomanaged to remain in northeast Iowa for more than a century, but the maingroup was moved during 1848 and 1849. The new location was unsatisfactoryfrom the beginning. Not only was there poor soil and a short growingseason, but the Ojibwe used the agency as a way-station to attack theDakota. In a treaty signed in 1856, the government allowed the Winnebagoto exchange the Long Prairie reserve from another farther south inMinnesota at Blue Earth. As their population declined, the Winnebagosurrendered a part of this in 1859 as excess lands. All went well until the Dakota uprising erupted in the Minnesota RiverValley during 1862 killing over 400 whites. The Winnebago had no part inthis, but in the aftermath, Minnesota was no longer safe. The Winnebagowere forcibly gathered together and deported by steamboat down theMississippi and then up the Missouri to the Crow Creek reservation inSouth Dakota with the Yankton (Sioux). Some got to leave the steamboat atHannibal, Missouri and travel by train to St. Joseph where they were putback on a boat for the rest of their journey up the Missouri. Evenallowing that the Civil War was in progress, conditions were terrible atthe South Dakota reservation. Many Winnebago slipped away to return toMinnesota and Wisconsin. Finally, the remaining 1,200 left enmass and fleddown the Missouri to ask the Omaha in eastern Nebraska for a refuge. The government finally accepted their self-relocation and in 1865purchased 40,000 acres from the Omaha to provide the Winnebago with theirown reservation. Life in Nebraska was far from easy, and exposed to Lakota(Sioux) raids, many of the Nebraska Winnebago volunteered as army scoutsagainst Lakota during 1868. While Winnebago were serving as scouts, theIndian Bureau - in its wisdom - conceived a plan of relocating theWinnebago to North Dakota as a buffer between the Lakota and the Mandan,Hidatsa, and Arikara. For some reason, the Winnebago declined. Meanwhile,the Winnebago in Wisconsin were routinely being arrested and returned toNebraska. Within a month, they were usually back in Wisconsin. After tenyears of this game, the government gave up after 1875, purchased homesteadlands for the Winnebago, and let them stay in Wisconsin. During the 1880s,over half of the Nebraska Winnebago went home to Wisconsin where they haveremained ever since scattered across ten counties. The other Winnebagoremained in Nebraska although 1/3 of their original 40,000 acrereservation was eventually lost to whites through allotment after 1887. First Nations referred to in this Winnebago History: Iroquois Kickapoo Mascouten Menominee Montagnais Neutral Shawnee Tionontati I look forward to your comments... Lee Sultzman. Histories Site FirstNations Index

Diesel Motor Home

allclassifieds.com.au - View Item - 1984 Nissan Civilian LWB 3.3L diesel motorhome BROWSE CARAVANS 1984 NISSAN CIVILIAN L... BROWSE | SEARCH | PLACE AD | CHANGE AD 1984 Nissan Civilian LWB 3.3L diesel motorhome - $34,000 1984 Nissan Civilian LWB 3.3L diesel 10 sp manual, Exhaust brakes, New winscreen, Low kms motor and gear box fitted before we bought it, 2 berth, Can be driven on a car licence compliant, Original kms 378275, Refit out for this motorhome 2004, Radio/CD player, Block out curtains, Lighting and power 240v, 24v, 12v, Inverter, 2 Seater Dinette, 2 burner gas stove & oven. 3 way fridge, TV, VCR, Truma gas HWS, Shower/ Porta Pottie toilet , 2 gas bottles each 4L, D/bed, new mattress, S/S 200 Lt fresh water tank, Rollout awning, Sec. screens, QLD Rego, Big boot, Lots of Cupboards & Storage Under Bed & Seats, It is in very good Condition. 36,000 ONO. Ph 0755348528. Vital stats Condition: Very Good Make: Nissan Civilian Year: 1984 Colour: white Contact Ken on: Email: Click here to email the advertiser Ph: 0755348528 Location elanora gold coast QLD 4221 Ad age and views This advertisement was added on 16 November 2005 and has been viewed 124 times. Buyer tips Beware of items for sale you cannot pick up in person at the time of payment. If you send or transfer payment prior to taking delivery of an item it may never arrive . Allclassifieds only accepts advertisements for items located within Australia. Advertisers of items not located in Australia have misrepresented the location of their item and should not be dealt with . Information contained in allclassifieds advertisements may include errors and it is responsibility of users to check all published details with the seller prior to purchase. Seller tips Allclassifieds is a great way to find a buyer for your item, but always exercise caution in dealing with potential buyers, especially those claiming to be from outside Australia. Beware of potential buyers requesting personal or banking details. Do not release your goods to a potential buyer until you have received full payment in cash (legal Australian currency) or funds your bank has verified cannot be cancelled. Do not accept foreign cheques as these may be cancelled even after they appear as available funds in your account . [allclassifieds . disclaimer]