Mobile home insurance developed

American Association of Insurance Services This article appeared in the Summer 2004 Vol. 29, No. 1 issue of Viewpoint. BACK TO VIEWPOINT ARTICLES Manufactured Housing A new term does not eliminate old distinctions Precise use of language is essential in insurance underwriting. Unfortunately, people in other fields can sometimes adopt terminology that can be misleading for property/casualty professionals. Residential property insurers have long understood the distinction between site-built (or stick-built) homes constructed at permanent locations, and mobile (or trailer) homes constructed in factories and hauled to a site. That distinction in how homes are constructed leads to different property loss experience for site-built and mobile homes, and provides the basis for the separate Homeowners and Mobile-Homeowners insurance programs offered by AAIS. Beyond the loss experience, however, standardized homeowners and mobile-homeowners programs are very similar. AAIS uses largely identical forms in both. Confusion can arise, however, when the term manufactured housing is used to identify mobile homes, as the mobile home industry has done in recent years. That term was adopted by mobile home trade groups to improve the image of mobile homes and reflect the enhanced size and features offered in today's mobile homes. Manufactured housing, however, also refers to modular housing, residences constructed from modules that are assembled in manufacturing facilities, shipped to permanent locations, and permanently affixed to a foundation and adjoining modules. Modules can arrive at a site completely pre-assembled, with plumbing and wiring included. Manufactured housing, therefore, encompasses structures ranging from million-dollar estate homes to traditional trailers. Beyond that, virtually all new residential construction has some manufactured elements. What is happening is that all new dwellings have some degree of pre-assembly, says Tom Underwood, president and COO of Utility Body Works, Elkhart, Ind., a mobile home manufacturer. Even stick-built structures have trusses that are pre-assembled. It used to be that everything was either stick-built or a mobile home. Now there's more of a continuum. While that may be true for residential construction techniques, the old distinction between site-built and mobile homes still appears to be valid for property insurance purposes. The challenge is to make sure that residences are properly classified. Mobile homes stand apart Mobile homes have long been defined as a unique subset of owner-occupied residences, and that is still the case. For example, American Modern Insurance Group, a carrier that specializes in insuring manufactured housing, defines a mobile home to be a factory-built structure at least eight feet in length that is constructed on its own chassis. According to Jerry Wachter, vice president for manufactured housing, the requirement that the structure be built on its own chassis ensures that a mobile home policy cannot be written to cover other types of manufactured housing. The American Modern definition of a mobile home explicitly includes expansions and additions to mobile homes, as well as fixtures. The purpose, says Wachter, is to allow for the full range of possibilities in modern mobile homes, without applying mobile home coverage to structures that have different loss characteristics. A fire safety study conducted by Foremost Insurance, Grand Rapids, Mich., indicated that the fire rate for mobile homes was less than that for site-built homes. The better fire rate is attributed in part to implementation of a national building code by the U.S. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) in the 1970s. Mobile homes are more susceptible to windstorm loss, however. As the American Modern definition suggests, there are three characteristics that can be used to define a mobile home: Off-site construction in a factory setting; Construction on its own chassis; and Construction to HUD building standards, as opposed to local building codes. Does method matter? As for establishing other categories of manufactured housing for insurance purposes, there is little evidence of statistically significant distinctions in loss experience between modular and completely site-built homes. Modular homes are treated the same as site-built homes in terms of financing and insurance, says Bruce Savage, spokesman for the Manufactured Housing Institute. I'm not aware of any statistics showing they perform (in loss situations) differently than site-built homes. Also, modular housing must generally be built to standards in local building codes, even if the modules are constructed out of state. The growth in modular construction would not be possible without widespread use of standardized building codes. Thus, when a carrier receives an application for a manufactured home, the first order of business is to determine if it meets the characteristics of a mobile home. Many manufactured homes would be better classified with site-built homes. The construction of the residence--frame, masonry, etc.--will, of course, be a key factor in determining the premium, but there is no indication to date that the method of construction, in itself, alters the risk. (As a practical matter, most manufactured homes that are not mobile homes will be frame construction.) Enduring distinction Property/casualty professionals accustomed to using identical forms to write homeowners and mobile-homeowners coverage may be surprised to learn how differently the two lines started out. Mobile home insurance developed from the identity of mobile homes as chattel property rather than real property, says Wachter of American Modern. Early trailer homes had axles with wheels and could be literally hauled away at a moment's notice. Given the character of early mobile homes, the insurance policy [covering a mobile home] was really a takeoff on auto physical damage coverage, Wachter says. That steadily changed as mobile homes came to be permanently affixed at locations and developed risk characteristics similar to those of site-built homes. For decades now, the basic, broad, special, and limited perils forms, as well as the personal liability sections, have been largely identical in the AAIS Homeowners and Mobile-Homeowners Programs. The persistence of distinct homeowners and mobile-homeowners programs lies in two related factors: rating and valuation of structures. Perhaps the last vestige of the original auto character of mobile homes is the fact that their structures depreciate faster than they accumulate real estate value, if they accumulate any real value at all. With mobile homes, the depreciation is greater than the growth in replacement cost, says Werner Kruck, executive vice president of American Superior Ins. Co., Plantation, Fla., a company that specializes in residential property insurance. With traditional site-built homes, replacement cost usually grows faster than the depreciation of the home. Replacement cost Every student of insurance learns that the market value of a home should not be confused with replacement cost, but it frequently is because mortgage lenders often insist that residential property insurance be written to cover the balance on a mortgage loan. Also, the appreciation in market value has often been considered a factor in calculating replacement cost, the assumption being that the cost of living drives the cost of construction. Whatever the reason, depreciation is rarely a major consideration in home owners insurance, except for older homes in areas with relatively low real estate values. For that reason, replacement cost loss settlement, with a coinsurance requirement, is a standard feature of most homeowners policies written in the U.S. Standard homeowners forms explicitly state, however, that replacement cost terms do not apply to mobile homes, whether or not on a permanent foundation, but without otherwise defining the term mobile home. Actual cash value loss settlement automatically applies to mobile homes; replacement cost settlement, if desired, must be added by endorsement. 'Gap' coverage In practice, the underwriting of a replacement cost endorsement on a mobile home policy is analogous to the underwriting of gap coverage on a personal auto, says Jeffrey Holaway, AAIS manager of personal lines pricing. According to Holaway, car owners frequently buy coverage that will pay what it costs to replace a vehicle that has been effectively destroyed, even if the amount of insurance exceeds the book value of the vehicle being insured. Replacement cost coverage for a mobile home is written on a stated value basis in some states, says Kruck. This raises the possibility that an owner can collect an insurance payment for a total loss, replace the damaged home with a used one at less cost, and pocket the rest of the money. Apart from the settlement terms, the distinction between homeowners and mobile-homeowners insurance lies in the distinction between loss costs for the two lines, and subsequently the information used to rate policies. Insurers should be cautious about applying loss costs derived from mobile home experience to manufactured housing that may be more appropriately classified with site-built housing. Joseph Harrington Editor Christi DeBrock Design Reprinting Viewpoint Articles Articles generally may be reproduced, provided the appropriate credit is given and a copy is sent to the Editor. For details, please call or write. Viewpoint welcomes your comments. Write us at: American Association of Insurance Services 1745 S. Naperville Road | Wheaton, IL 60187-8132 630-681-8347 | 800-564-AAIS | Fax 630-681-8356 Phone: 630-681-8347 | Fax: 630-681-8356 e-mail: info@aaisonline.com Top

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